![]() It is expected that the results of this research can be of value for other regions with similar problems and can be up-scaled to enhance sustainable use of marine ecosystem services worldwide. The study concludes with a presentation of a set of guidelines providing a scientific basis for implementing the LMMA approach as mechanism for a sustainable use of ecosystem services. The proposed study includes a problem diagnosis of influences using an ecosystem based management approach that incorporates the dimension of ecology, socio-economics and policy. Additionally, the study explores the approach of locally managed marine areas (LMMA’s) as a potential strategy for sustainable management. An indicator based approach is employed to study fish stock decline and reef destruction caused by diving and escalated fishing efforts. This study will provide a comprehensive analysis of marine ecosystem services for the province of Inhambane, Mozambique, by investigating degradation of ecosystem services resulting from unsustainable practices in the tourism and fishery industry. ![]() The country reports unsustainable practices of resource extraction and use that has subsequently resulted in decline of marine resources. Mozambique with a coastline of 2470 km provides for a variety of marine ecosystem services like provision of food, livelihood opportunities, tourism income and habitat for biodiversity. UN’s flagship Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), formally launched in September 2015, highlights conservation and sustainable planning of natural resources as the significant focus, dedicating a standalone Goal (SDG 14) to the oceans and marine ecosystems. Overexploitation of natural resources is the biggest global challenge. About two-thirds of the total population resides within the coastal region. There are more than 20 million people living in Mozambique with a growth rate of 2.5% per annum, the majority of which lives below the poverty line and has no access to improved water and sanitation. The various natural resources therein, sustain about half the population of Mozambique living in the coastal zone, help support the country’s economy through fisheries, tourism, industries and communications. In addition to these three main regions, the deep-water pelagic and seabed ecosystems contribute to the majority of the country’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The coastline can broadly be classified into three regions from north to south, each supporting a variety of marine ecosystems 1) the coral coast, 2) swamps and 3) parabolic coastal dunes. The Mozambican coastline is characterized by a wide diversity of habitats including sandy and rocky beaches sand dunes, coral reefs, estuaries, bays, seagrass beds and mangrove forests, which support pristine ecosystems, high biological diversity, high endemism, and endangered species. The 2,470 km coastline and a diverse and productive continental shelf area of about 104,300 km2 are of paramount importance for the country. Mozambique is located along the southern coast of East Africa. The report will enable Fondation Ensemble and its partner the Oak Foundation, or any other interested stakeholder, to deepen their understanding of the broad marine ecosystem situation in Mozambique and help establish intervention priorities for practical field initiatives and/or on research within the areas of marine biodiversity conservation, and/or sustainable fishing. The purpose of the review was to analyse in detail the available information on the broad situation of the marine ecosystems of Mozambique, and highlight the critical gaps in available data or research.
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